How GLP-1 Medications Work and Why Nutrition Still Matters

What does the Gila monster have to do with GLP-1 RA medications?

Researchers made the connection between a hormone-like molecule in the Gila monster’s venom called

exendin-4 and the human hormone GLP-1 in the 1990s. They found that exendin-4 stimulated insulin secretion similarly to GLP-1, but lasted much longer in the human body--making it a potential candidate for the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Early synthetic versions of this were approved by the FDA in 2005.

These days, GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) like Ozempic, Wegovy, and Mounjaro have gained a LOT of attention for their ability to help with blood sugar management and weight loss.

To be honest, I have seen these medications completely change blood sugar management for some people. They CAN be a powerful tool, but they’re not a magic fix. One of their key effects—appetite suppression—can potentially lead to unintended nutritional deficiencies if not managed properly. In this month’s newsletter, I am going to break down how these medications work, potential side effects, and why prioritizing nutrient-rich foods and sustainable lifestyle changes are essential for long-term success.

How They Work

GLP-1 RA medications mimic a natural hormone that helps regulate blood sugar and appetite. They work by stimulating insulin production, suppressing glucagon production, slowing gastric emptying, and promoting satiety, which all contribute to lower blood sugar levels and weight loss. They are administered by the patient in the form of an injection, weekly or daily, depending on the specific medication.

Another thing GLP-1 medications do is suppress appetite. While this is not a side effect, reduced appetite on a GLP-1 RA medication leads to naturally lower food intake, which can make it harder to meet essential nutrient needs. If you are managing Type 2 Diabetes, you understand the importance of eating healthy, regular meals, which can be difficult while taking a GLP-1 RA medication. Taking a mindful approach about the timing and composition of your meals will really help maximize the benefit of this medication.

Possible Side Effects

The following side effects have one common thread: they can all be minimized or prevented by your nutrition. Let’s have a look!

Constipation - Eating a diet rich in nutrients and staying on top of hydration will keep everything moving like it should. Reach out to your health care provider if you experience constipation that is not resolving on its own.

Fatigue - Again, eating a good variety of nutrient-dense food and keeping on top of your vitamin and mineral intake can really make a difference with how much and whether fatigue is an issue for you.

Loss of Lean Muscle Mass - Many people start taking GLP-1 medications as a way to manage Type 2 Diabetes. Along with that, people also experience weight loss [also good for managing diabetes!]. It is important to remember that when we experience any sort of rapid weight loss, regardless of method, there can be a loss of lean muscle.

Therefore, in terms of your diet, protein is your friend! Getting enough protein is essential for muscle growth and repair. Adding strength training to your exercise routine is also crucial for preventing muscle loss while you are on a GLP-1 RA medication. And, exercise is good for you in lots of other ways, especially as a component of managing blood sugar.

Appetite Suppression - Managing how this feature of the medication affects your appetite is super important. Focusing on protein (for muscle preservation), fiber (for gut health and fullness), and vitamins/minerals (for overall well-being) will help you achieve success with your blood sugar and weight management goals. For those of you who like apps, there are many tracking apps available for your phone. If you are old school, just writing it down can help you understand your intake as well.

Why Lifestyle Changes Still Matter for Long-Term Success

Managing Type 2 Diabetes with medication alone will not replace the benefit of movement, stress management, and balanced eating. Exercise helps to maintain muscle mass, improves insulin sensitivity, and supports long-term weight maintenance. Sustainable habits like these will make it easier to maintain progress, even if you stop the medication.

To Sum It Up

GLP-1s can be a game-changer for diabetes management and weight loss, but they’re not a replacement for a well-rounded lifestyle. If you’re considering or currently taking one of these medications, being intentional with your nutrition and daily habits will help you maximize the benefits while avoiding potential pitfalls. By making nutrient-dense food choices and maintaining healthy lifestyle behaviors, you can ensure long-term success beyond just the medication itself.